Comparison of three different inhalant anesthetic agents (isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane) in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis)

Objective To compare isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane for inhalant anesthesia in red‐tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in terms of the speed and characteristics of induction; cardiovascular and respiratory parameters while anesthetized; and speed and quality of recovery. Study design Prospective, cross over, randomized experimental study. Animals 12 healthy adult red‐tailed hawks. Methods Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane in oxygen via face mask in a crossover, randomized design with a 1 week washout period between each treatment. Hawks were tracheally intubated, allowed to breathe spontaneously, and instrumented for cardiopulmonary monitoring. Data collected included heart rate, respiratory rate, end‐tidal CO₂, inspired and expired agent, SpO_2, temperature, systolic blood pressure, time to intubation and time to recovery (tracking). Recovery was subjectively scored on a 4 point scale as well as a summary evaluation, by a single blinded observer. Results No significant difference in time to induction and time to extubation was noted with the administration of isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane. Time to the ability of the bird to follow a moving object with its eyes (tracking) was significantly faster with the administration of sevoflurane and desflurane. All recoveries were scored 1 or 2 and were assessed as good to excellent. No significant difference was noted in heart rate, blood pressure and temperature among the three inhalants. Administration of isoflurane resulted in lower respiratory rates. Conclusions and clinical relevance Overall, although isoflurane remains the most common inhaled anesthetic in avian practice, sevoflurane and desflurane both offer faster time to tracking, while similar changes in cardiopulmonary function were observed with each agent during anesthesia of healthy red‐tailed hawks.     

禽类红细胞免疫功能与疾病研究进展

红细胞(RBC)表面含有许多免疫相关物质,如Ⅰ型补体受体(CR-1)、Ⅲ型补体受体(CR-3)、淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-3(LFA-3)、人类补体膜辅助因子蛋白(MCP)、衰变加速因子(DAF)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等,这些免疫相关物质不仅使RBC具有识别、存储、递呈抗原、清除免疫复合物(IC)、促进吞噬细胞的吞噬功能等作用,而且自身还具备完整的自我调控系统,广泛参与机体内的各种免疫反应,是机体免疫系统的重要组成部分。RBC这种参与机体免疫调控的功能使RBC在许多疾病的发生、发展过程中发挥重要作用,近年来国内外学者对RBC免疫功能的研究逐渐成为热点。     

提高辣椒红色素稳定性的方法

研究了温度、光照、pH、金属离子等对辣椒红色素稳定性的影响,并比较了添加化学合成抗氧化剂BHT(2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚)和天然抗氧化剂木犀草素对提高色素稳定性的作用.结果表明,辣椒红色素稳定性不同程度受光照、温度和Fe3+、Cu2+与Al3+的影响,受pH影响较小.加入抗氧化剂后,色素稳定性有所提高,与BHT相比,木犀草素减弱光照和Fe3+对色素的影响的效果更明显.     

桂西北棕色石灰土和红壤有机碳矿化特征和差异

以桂西北两种典型土壤为研究对象(棕色石灰土、红壤),在25℃,100%空气湿度条件下培养80 d,测定培养期间土壤释放CO2量、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物量碳含量(MBC),研究桂西北土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化特征和差异。结果表明:SOC矿化在培养20 d后达到稳定。80d培养结束后,棕色石灰土SOC含量高的土壤,DOC/SOC、微生物熵以及土壤呼吸熵分别为0.21%,0.94%,0.88 g/kg.h,SOC含量低的土壤分别为0.52%,0.76%,1.21 g/kg.h;红壤SOC含量高的土壤,DOC/SOC、微生物熵以及土壤呼吸熵分别为0.76%,0.22%,5.06 g/kg.h,SOC含量低的土壤分别为1.14%,0.60%,3.29 g/kg.h。在棕色石灰土上,与SOC含量低的土壤相比,SOC含量高的土壤微生物熵大(p<0.05),而土壤呼吸熵小(p<0.05);红壤的情况与之相反。总体上,棕色石灰土CO2释放速率、累积释放量、累积释放率、土壤呼吸熵以及DOC/SOC均显著小于红壤;而微生物熵显著大于红壤。从SOC矿化角度反映了棕色石灰土有机碳较红壤稳定,这对维持SOC水平,提高土壤肥力,保持土壤结构,增加碳汇等方面具有重要作用。     

红壤丘陵景观土地利用变化对稻田土壤有机碳储量的影响

为研究区域景观尺度土地利用方式变化对稻田土壤有机碳储量的影响,利用野外实地采样中1264个土壤样点有机碳含量的调查,采用遥感和GIS手段,分析红壤丘陵景观1933-2005年的土地利用变化引起的稻田表层土壤有机碳储量的动态变化。结果表明:研究区稻田与林地、茶园呈双向演替机制,以林地转变为稻田为最主要的土地利用变化方式,集中在高程50m-150 m内。稻田表层土壤有机碳含量为14.3 g/kg,显著大于林地(13.0 g/kg)和茶园(9.5 g/kg)(p<0.01);且稻田土壤有机碳的变异系数仅为26.0%,明显低于林地(55.5%)和茶园(50.9%)。1933-2005年间,由稻田转变为其他利用方式(主要为林地和茶园)的面积为1233.53 hm2,共损失碳10015 t,而由其他利用方式转变为稻田的面积为1598.90 hm2,共增加碳15372 t。总体而言,1933-2005年间稻田土壤表层碳库呈增加的趋势,表现为碳增汇;土壤有机碳储量在高程50m-150 m内受土地利用变化影响的方向和程度最为显著。因此,保护和增加50m-150 m高程内的稻田面积对于提升亚热带红壤丘陵区的固碳潜力具有重要的意义。     

磷与镉对不同类型耕型红壤有机氮矿化的影响

采用室内培养,设磷处理浓度为0、0.1、0.3和0.5 g/kg,镉处理浓度为0、0.5和1.0 mg/kg,研究磷、镉单独处理及磷、镉共同处理对湖南省4种典型母质(第四纪红土、花岗岩风化物、石灰岩风化物和板岩风化物)发育的耕型红壤有机氮矿化的影响.结果表明:培养2~8周的耕型第四纪红土红壤氮矿化量均值随磷添加量增加而先增加后减小,且在添加0.1 g/kg 磷时土壤的氮矿化量最大,其余红壤氮矿化量均随磷添加量的增加而增加;添加镉对耕型第四纪红土红壤和耕型石灰岩红壤氮矿化有抑制作用,最大降幅分别为4.98 mg/kg 和6.53 mg/kg;磷、镉共同处理,除耕型第四纪红土红壤外,对其余红壤氮矿化均表现为促进作用,且不同红壤氮矿化量存在差异;添加0.3 g/kg 和0.5 g/kg 磷对轻度镉污染红壤的有机氮矿化效果最好     

特早熟苹果新品种—“红艳”

"红艳"苹果1996年从美国引入辽宁,经试栽表现为果实生早熟期特早,果面着色好全红,色泽艳丽;果个大;结果早,抗寒、抗病性也较强。介绍该品种的主要性状及栽培技术要点。     

红壤丘陵双季稻区农民对农业信息需求的调查报告

以问卷调查的形式,对典型红壤丘陵双季稻区江西省余江县农民进行了农业信息需求调查,并对农民利用农业信息资源的现状进行了分析。针对当前农民利用农业信息存在的一些问题,提出了相应的建议,以期为加快农业信息化发展提供一定依据。     

甘肃省农业用水效率控制红线研究

以甘肃省及地级行政区2009年农业用水量数据为基础,选取反映农业用水效率的6项指标,分析了农业用水效率现状,为确定控制红线提供依据。分析表明:全省去变异农业用水效率为0.97,农田亩均灌溉用水量为562m3,灌溉水有效利用系数为0.51;总体表现为用水效率较低,地区间差异较大。运用数理统计的趋势分析方法,对农田亩均灌溉用水量和灌溉水有效利用系数红线控制指标进行了分析预测,并考虑综合因素的影响,提出了甘肃省及地级行政区农业用水效率控制红线。结果显示:2015年全省农田亩均灌溉用水量控制红线为492 m3,各地区间在143~691 m3,河西5市仍是全省最高的地区;全省灌溉水有效利用系数控制红线为0.54,各地区间在0.43~0.65;农业用水效率将逐渐提高。     

Life history parameters and scale-cover surface area of Aonidiella aurantii are altered in a mating disruption environment: implications for biological control

BACKGROUND: In recent years, environmentally safe measures to control the California red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), have been successfully implemented. These measures include mating disruption (MD) and biological control. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of high concentrations of the CRS sex pheromone on its life history parameters and scale‐cover surface area under controlled laboratory conditions. RESULTS: The developmental time of both males and females of CRS increased with exposure to airborne pheromone. MD had an effect on both the total number of progeny and on the crawler production period for females. Accordingly, demographic parameters such as net fecundity (R₀) and intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) were significantly lower in the pheromone‐treated populations. The largest scale‐cover surface areas were observed in the CRS reared in the pheromone environment. CONCLUSION: A clear influence of airborne pheromone on the biology of CRS has been demonstrated. In addition to the classical mating disruption benefits of this technique, additional benefits, such as increase in the duration of exposure to natural enemies and increase in size, which benefits some species of parasitoids, have been confirmed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry